Abstract This paper argues that the divides in Iran’s nuclear behavior between the three periods of 2005-2012, 2012-2016 and 2016-2021 are reflections of the varying modes of Iran’s cognizing the value of the nuclear program versus its costs. The predominant belief in the first period that...

Abstract The elimination of stockpiled weaponry constitutes a key step in arms control and disarmament processes, lending permanence and irreversibility to arms reductions. Yet it has proven challenging in practice. The destruction of advanced weapon components, like lethal chemical agents and the fissile...